These activities are definitely under development!
They are based on unedited handouts from Teacher Institute Saturday workshops plus other lectures I have presented.
The activities are usually grouped together for a lecture or a workshop.
PVC workshop 13 March 1999 Spin a marked cylinder cut from PVC pipe and notice how a stable triangle of images is produced. Explore how the stable pattern is created. |
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Bay Area Institute August 23, 2004 The role of inquiry in the high school science classroom. This is the outline for my panel presentation in which I describe the use of inquiry in our high school science teacher professional development workshops. |
Use a Minimag Light to explore light and shadow. Make shadow puppets, create a 3-D afterimage, find the locaion of light rays, and use phosphorescent paper to draw temporary images. |
Costa Rica 2005 Workshops on Color in and Patterns in Nature Preliminary ideas. |
Mirror activities for Chabot Science Center 23 Feb 2005 |
Color Diffraction
Grating, look through it at lights. A workshop presented at RAFT 15 May, 2004. |
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Color A workshop at RAFT on using colored filters, diffraction gratings and compact discs to see color. Red
and Green filters, look through. |
Saturday Workshops Spring 2000 Color Workshop at RAFT Red-Green
filters See also the Colors of Nature activities The Resource Area for Teachers has great classrooms for workshops and a fantastic set of teacher supplies. |
Halloween Science, 30 October 1999 |
Explore color with a diffraction grating. From the Astronomy day April 24 A list of spectra to explore with your diffraction grating. |
Explore the nature of laser light
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Laser workshop May 1 A pointer laser is mounted onto a dead lantern battery using a binder clip and magnet. |
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Laser workshop May 1 Explorations of the light bending properties of a Fresnel lens using a pointer laser mounted on a magnetic optical bench. |
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Laser workshop May 1 A pointer laser can be scanned by hand so that its dot of light bounces off a mirror. The bounce of the dot of laser light is used to explore the optics of mirrors. |
Laser workshop May 1 A pointer laser can be scanned by hand so that its dot of light bends through a lens. The dot of light is used to explore the optics of lenses. |
Take apart a disposable camera. Figure out its mechanics and optics. |
Mirrors and Right Left Reversal. A real hands-on activity, exploring mirrors and right-left reversal. |
Lecture/Workshop Costa Rica 2003 Lecture: Orbits, The three moons of Earth. Workshop: Color and Light |
A workshop on the atomic bomb and the acoustics of opera singing. |
ASTC San Jose 2004 The Whirly presentation. |
Iron Science Teacher at the NSTA National Convention 2003 I used the secret ingredient of NSTA convention catalog covers to make a huge bell for my straw oboe. The sound that comes out is astonishing. |
Sounds at Davies Symphony Hall Teachers explore the acoustics of the hall, play their own instruments, build some instruments and learn about decibel meters. click photo to enlarge -> |
Workshop 20 March, 2004 |
NSTA San Diego Presenters from science museums gave presentations to teachers waiting in line to register. I showed the science of singing corrugated tubes. Thanks to David Heil for arranging the presentations. |
A Saturday workshop on batteries, bulbs, meters and solar cells. Presented at the Exploratorium and at RAFT. |
SFUSD Electricity, Magnetism, and Light Two workshops, by Paul Doherty, April 2005 |
When you charge a large capacitor with a hand crank generator then stop turning the crank the discharging capacitor pushes the handle in the same direction you are turning. |
RAFT workshop Feb 12, 2005 |
CSTA San Jose 2004 with Don Rathjen Electricity and Magnetism |
Alumni Institute in Electricity and magnetism Don Rathjen and I share our Electricity and Magnetism activities with teachers. |
Invited presentation of Electricity Demos Presented at the American Association of Physics Teachers Meeting in San Diego, January 2001, for the Apparatus Committee. I showed several explorations including the glowing nichrome wire driven into resonant oscillation with a magnet pictured at left. |
Paul Doherty and Don Rathjen present A workshop given at the Exploratorium Teacher Institute, 7 October, 2000. |
Modesto's Workshops summer 2000 A powerful battery from simple chemicals. |
Electricity workshop March 19 Plastic packing twine (polyethylene) from an Asian market is shredded to make a "hydra." When rubbed with wool this negative hydra is repelled by a negatively charged PVC rod. The hydra can be flown around. |
Electricity workshop March 19 A loop of tinsel, aluminized mylar, is flown by electrostatic repulsion from a charged PVC rod. The rod is rubbed with wool. The charge leaps from the rod to the tinsel. |
Electricity workshop March 19 Two pieces of Scotch Magic Tape are stuck together and pulled apart to produce a positive and negative charged tape. These tapes can be used to test other objects for charge. |
Electricity workshop March 19 A meter stick is balanced on a convex surface, lens or watch glass. The stick is attracted into rotation by a charged PVC rod. It can be made to rotate like a motor. |
Take apart a disposable camera. Figure out its electronics. |
RAFT workshop 15 Nov 2003 Exploring solar cells with meters, motors, LEDs and the sun. |
CMSESMC Paper Airplane Science Investigate what makes a stable plane Styrofoam AirplaneTurn a Styrofoam plate into an airplane one step at a time. |
Turn a Styrofoam plate into an airplane one step at a time. Paper Airplane Science Investigate what makes a stable plane Activities from the Flying Things Workshop, 28 Oct 2000 |
CSTA San Jose 2004 with Don Rathjen Electricity and Magnetism |
New Activities in Magnetism |
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What Physicists Do, Developing Magnetism Exhibits at the Exploratorium Physics Seminar at Sonoma State University, 27 Oct 2003 Right image shows a magnet floating between copper jaws. It's held up by a magnet above and stabilized by eddy currents. |
A workshop given at Chabot Observatory, 19 march 2002. Study the Magnetic field of the earth, and learn the latest about the magnetic field of other planets. |
Magnetism Workshops at Technorama My Technorama Forum Lecture on Magnetism. 2000 Years of magnetic discoveries, in 40 minutes. Here are teacher workshop activities on magnetism. Hanging a magnet and pointing north. |
Magnetic Tape, Use cassette tape to make a digital tape recorder. |
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Magnetism Workshop for
CAIS Where's North?, Repeat an experiment that could lead to the discovery of the compass. Magnetic Poles, Use magnets to feel the forces that magnetic poles exert on each other. Magnetic Globe, Explore the magnetic field of the earth at its surface and in space. Magnetic Tape, Use short pieces of cassette tape to model the magnetic field of the rocks underlying the ocean. |
Magnetism of the Planets, What does it take to give a planet a magnetic field? |
Magnetism Exhibits at the Exploratorium. Physics Seminar at Hayward State University, 1 December, 2003 Iron filings show a magnetic field of a transparent globe with neodymium magnets inside. |
Northern California After my presentation, I was awarded the NCAAPT Distinguished Teacher Award for 2002. New
and Classic Explorations |
Magnetism activities using RAFT Donut Magnets. Donut magnets oriented to repel each other and stacked on a pencil are shown here. |
TI Magnetism Workshop A stack of donut magnets on a pencil models the Earth's atmosphere. A pencil with a steel eraser holder serves as a test bed for collisions. |
LAUSD workshop 15-20 Nov 2004 On magnetism, color vision and more. |
Electromagnetism We'll explore electric current and magnetism, making electromagnets, electric motors, speakers, and more. Electromagnet., wind wire onto a bolt to pick up paper clips. Circles of magnetism, Surround a vertical wire with compasses. Notice the magnetic field when electric current flows in the wire. Stripped Down Motor, Make a current carrying coil of wire rotate in a magnetic field. Ammeter, measure electric current. |
Speakers, turn electric current into motion and thus sound. |
A workshop on muscles and levers Click on the image to see a larger image. |
Use scales, rulers and stopwatches to measure force and motion. |
A workshop presented at the Exploratorium 1 May, 2004. |
A Saturday Workshop for 6 October 2001 Springs, strings, pulleys and more. |
Car Science, 20 Nov 1999 Check out my activity book Reaction Timer, measure your reaction time with a ruler Accelerometer, measure acceleration with a protractor Tired Weight weigh your car by measuring tire pressure and contact area Highway Seismometer, measure road bump magnitude with a pen and paper. |
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Paul Doherty and Modesto Tamez present A workshop given at the Exploratorium Teacher Institute, 23 September 2000. |
A balloon can be attached to a sport water bottle
mouthpiece which is glued to a film can lid with a 1/16 inch
hole in the center, which is glued to a compact disk. To
make a frictionless airpuck.
The top of a dropped slinky will accelerate down faster
than the acceleration of gravity.
A Saturday Workshop for 6 October 2001 Springs, strings, pulleys and more. |
Chain Reaction One domino can knock over a domino that is 50% larger in all dimensions. Do this 8 times in a row and a small domino can knock over a huge one. |
100 Years of Physics Einstein shows that atoms exist using the mathematics of Brownian Motion Einstein invents the quantum nature of electromagnetism later called the photon And Einstein invents spacetime. All three were presented together as a lecture in Auburn California. |
A workshop on the atomic bomb and the acoustics of opera singing. |
In honor of the 100'th anniversary of Einstein's great year of 1905 here are some explorations of relativity. |
Everything in the Universe graphed on a Mass versus radius plot. Lecture for Los Gatos High School, November 2004 |
Modern Physics workshop November 13, 20004 A workshop in honor of the World Year of Physics , 2005. and Einstein's Marvelous Year 1905. |
AAPT 2003 Exporting
Exploratorium Exhibits to Schools and Beyond. Here are links to the Explorations I presented. |
Temperature, TI workshop 20 Apr 2002 What is Temperature, a history Negative temperatures, a model |
Energy Explorations Curt Gabrielson is just back from East Timor where he created a Snackbook of activities to help children learn science. He's going to show us his activities with bottles, cans, marbles and coins. Don Rathjen will show us What's
a Watt |
The Exploratorium Staff goes to the Hot Spot exhibit with a block of dry ice to investigate whether they can make an image of a cold spot and fell it with their hands. Read about our experiments and make your vote about whether the cold spot will be felt or not. |
Workshop 27 March, 2004 |
A workshop presented November 8,2003 Boyling Water, boil water at room temperature in a syringe, image right> Cloud in a Bottle and more. |
Weather Workshop, 6 November 1999 Explore conduction, convection and radiation with a liquid crystal thermometer. |
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Paul's thoughts on rocks to accompany a TI workshop, April 22, 2005 |
March 19, 2005 a TI workshop |
Fossils, TI Workshop 29 Oct 2004 Radioactive dating of fossils modeled using coins and dice. |
Best of Planetary Geology A TI workshop, 16 Nov 2002 Slinky Models of Earthquake Waves Volcano Model combine two liquids to make a urethane foam in a sand box and model viscous volcanic eruptions. Eric will do "Who's Fault is it" and exercise in which the epicenter of an earthquake is located, and "Earthwalk," in which a scale model of the earth's interior is constructed. |
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Geology
Institute The geology of the earth and planets. Paul Doherty, Modesto Tamez and John Lahr |
Summer
Institute 2003 Geology with Paul Doherty and Eric Muller
Where to find stuff TI
Supply carts, these crucial carts full of simple
supplies are necessary when doing hands-on science. |
Geology activities to accompany the annual AGU meeting in San Francisco. Highway Seismometer, record the seismogram of a highway Pasta Quake, illustrate a magnitude scale with pasta Liquefaction, vibrate a pan of sand to make it a liquid. Resonant rods, resonances of buildings versus height. Types of seismic waves illustrated with a slinky. |
Design and build your own Stonehenge! Observe the yearly pattern of sunrises and sunsets as well as the two-decade pattern of moon rises and moon sets. |
A new perception activity based on a Cassini image of Titan and Dione. |
The Cassini spacecraft arrived at Saturn orbit, July 1. The Exploratorium has a Saturn-Cassini web page. I will host webcasts in which I show hands-on science explorations to aid in understanding Saturn, its rings, and moons. Webcast 1: Phoebe, Enigmatic Moon of Saturn. Webcast 2 The Rings of Saturn Webcast 3 Titan, giant Moon of Saturn Webcast 4, Saturn the Planet |
Planetary Physics 2004, with Paul Doherty, Eric Muller and Eric Wegryn. Mars, Venus, Saturn and Comet Wild 2 |
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Costa Rica 2004 As the guest of Cientec I presented three lecture/workshops. A Cafe Scientifique about Mars, I will show images of Mars and allow guests to see, hear, smell and taste what it would be like on Mars. A Cafe Scientifique is more like a scientific discussion than a lecture. Mars workshop. The scientific discoveries of the Mars Rovers. Patterns in Nature Lecture, Based on the Book Patterns in Nature for which I was science advisor and illustrated by my own images combined with hands-on activities. Magnetism Workshop, a workshop investigating the nature of magnetism and the earth. |
Paul and Ron in the webcast theater with the Mars Rover model, and a cart full of science demos. |
Placer Nature Center |
RAFT |
Science Fiction Museum, 26 June, 2004 A workshop on Mars for teachers at the Science Fiction Museum in Seattle. |
A lecture presented in Italy for Astronomy Week, in April 2004. The lecture was given in Naples, Rome and Perugia. This lecture was given in Pavia and Naples. |
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June 7, 2004 Transit of Venus Program at the Exploratorium See the crushing effects of the hot, dense Atmosphere of Venus, see what happens when sulfuric acid rain touches carbohydrates, feel a simulated air blast from a meteor on Venus. by Paul Doherty and Eric Muller |
Astronomy Day A workshop presented at the Exploratorium on 8 May 2004. The Transit of Venus and the Exploration of Mars The size of Mars. Modeled in clay. |
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A workshop at the Exploratorium, 13 December 2003 |
Solar Science, TI workshop 4 May 2002 Solar
Thermal, measure the energy of the sun. Solar Brightness, measure the brightness of the sun. Project a partial solar eclipse, San Francisco, June 10, 2002, 5:15 through 7:15 PM. |
Starting July 30, 2001 A Two Week Workshop on Astronomy. by Linda Shore and Paul Doherty
Paul views images of the sun known as "sunballs" projected by pinholes between leaves the day after the Solstice eclipse of 2001 in Africa. |
Expansion
of the Universe Universe City,Size What Do You
See? How do you know
that? Seeing IR Use wavy bathroom shower plastic to simulate twinkling of stars. In preparation for the Hubble Telescope segment of the Origins project at the Exploratorium I developed the above workshops and activities for the staff. |
At Fitzgerald Marine Reserve. TI workshop 23 Nov 2003 Image right, tide carved rocks in the Bay of Fundy. |
Saturday Workshops Spring 2000 Given on the beach in Santa Cruz |
Sundials Rectified Globe, place an earth globe in the sun, orient it just right and see on the globe how the sunlight falls on the earth at this moment. The Dance of the Earth and the Sun. Do a dance to understand how the day isn't always 24 hours long. A Teacher Institute Workshop 13 October 2001 |
A presentation to project ARISE teachers and students at Shasta College. About freefall and life aboard an orbiting space station. 29 September 2003 |
Lecture/Workshop Costa Rica 2003 Lecture: Orbits, The three moons of Earth. Workshop: Color and Light |
Astronomy Day Cratering, Icy Bodies, Small bits of dry ice create comet like patterns when they float on water. |
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Mathematics of Science Exhibits A lecture and workshop for mathematics and science teachers in Helena Montana, 21 Oct 2004. |
Activities from the Mathematics Workshop 4 Nov 2000 Mobius, Count the edges and sides of twisted paper strips. Mobius Collisions, collide two Mobius strips, analyze the results. Mobius Decay, look at the results of Mobius decay. Mobius Dissection, Cut twisted paper strips in half, but predict the outcome first. Mobius Space Travel around a Mobius Space, watch out for right-left conversions. Mobius Article, An article from the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. Glide Ratio, the ratio of the distance traveled to the height fallen by a glider. |
Valentines science, 13 Feb. 99 How to draw a cardioid with two disk magnets. How to plot
a function that describes a cardioid. |
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Bicycles 7 Nov 99 |
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Magnetic Tape, Use small strips of magnetic recording tape and magnets to explore binary numbers, the ASCII code, and digital magnetic recording.
Reaction time, measure your reaction time by dropping a ruler.
Mars Calendar and Clock, by inventing a clock and calendar for Mars you may appreciate the earth clock and calendar more. Learn how too deal with remainders, after all the earth year is approximately 365.25 days long.
Clay Mars, make a model f the earth and mars with clay and explore how volume depends on diameter
Clay Moon. make a model f the earth and moon with clay and explore how volume depends on diameter
Multiplication blocks, If you make blocks with the correct side lengths, when the 2 block is placed beside the 3 block the two blocks will be the same length as the 6 block. The secret is to make the lengths of the sides of the blocks the logarithm of the number on the block.
Pendulum Snake, make a series of pendulums which start together, drift into seeming chaos and then return to swing together again.
Measuring the Brightness of the Sun, use a 150 Watt light and a piece of paper with a grease spot on t to measure the power of the sun.
Transit of Venus Math, When Venus passed between the sun and the earth astronomers were able to use high school geometry and trigonometry to measure the size of the solar system in 1761.Transit of Venus Math, When Venus passed between the sun and the earth astronomers were able to use high school geometry and trigonometry to measure the size of the solar system in 1761.
Falling Dominoes, A falling domino can knock over a domino that is 1.5 times thicker higher and wider. Then this domino can knock over a larger one. This exponential growth of a series of nine such dominos can easily knock over a domino that will release a billion times the energy or the first, small, domino.
Gravity powered calculator, in honor of Galileo who knew that 1+3 = 4 and that 1+3+5 = 9 and so on. Drop a line with weights spaced 1,3,5,7 ... to hear a constant rhythm.
Metric Prefixes, Play around with metric prefixes.
Bouncing Balls, drop a tennis ball on top of a basketball and watch the surprising result of the collision. This models what happens when a spacecraft gets a gravitational boost to its orbit by "colliding" with a planet.
Radioactive Decay Model: A large audience is needed perhaps 256 people. Each of them flips a coin. If it comes up tails they clap and sit down, heads they flip again. The sound of clapping is the sound of radioactive decay. If the coin comes up heads 5 times in a row the person flipping it stops. Eventually, 8 people or so remain standing holding coins that have come up heads 5 times in a row. What will happen when they flip the coins again?
Bouncing Ball, Bounce a ball and listen to its pattern of bounces. If each bounce takes 1/2 the time of the previous bounce then we have a series in time of 1,1/2,1/4, 1/8... which leads us to one of Zeno's paradoxes there are an infinite number of bounces in a finite time interval. Make a recording of count the bounces. Do it with a metal can, a balloon, and a marble.
Many people consider computers as the cure to all of education's problems. I consider them as one of a vast number of tools which can be used to help people learn. When I was invited to speak to teachers once on how to use computers in science teaching I began with these two heretical activities. In many schools there is no money available to buy a stroboscope or a good source of polarized light. However there is money available to buy computers. In these two activities we show how to use computers as stroboscopes and as sources of polarized light! |
Polarized light from a laptop computer Desktop computer stroboscopes.
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Screen Savers on Tech TV Here are links to the activities that Paul did on the Screen Savers television program. |
Atoms, Elements, and the periodic table A TI workshop, 9 Nov 2002 Energy Levels of a Chair find the energy level diagram of a wooden chair. The Bohr atom, Use an inverse square force well (sold as a gravity well) to explore the energy levels of atoms . Changing Energy Levels, Use a rubber band and a paper plate to model the energy level changes of an electron in an atom. Film can periodic table Make your own periodic table model with film cans full of pennies. |
Chemistry Blowout 18 Nov 2000 |
Burn a Peanut Counting
Calories |
Water Workshop 27 October 2001 Eric Muller presented his newly developed activity about electrolysis of water. I presented two activities: |
Exnet Trainings Exnet is a partnership of museums who have sets of Exploratorium Exhibits. Here are some activities associated with these exhibits which we do at teacher professional development workshops at the Exploratorium. Exhibit Set 1, Omniplex, Oklahoma, March 2005 AMNH, Exhibit set D, New York. Exhibit Set A (Draft) Los Angeles Exhibit set #2 (Draft) Rochester NY Exhibit set #3 (Draft) COSI Toledo Exhibit Set #5 (Draft) Fort Worth |
Rochester Exhibit Explorations Here are some of the lessons from exhibits including |
Here are the written versions of activities I presented at a science lecture for teachers and also on the floor of the museum, on the 24'th of August 2002. |
A two week workshop exploring Informal Learning using Science Exhibits. Paul Doherty |
ILC 2003 The Informal Learning Certificate program presented by CILS at the Exploratorium. Here are my explorations first using exhibits and then using exhibits which have been converted to simple classroom explorations. |
Attend a Summer Institute on the Web. On June 28, 2004 I start teaching a month-long workshop for high school physics teachers. This year will be the 22 nd time I have taught this institute. Join me each day to see what questions we ask. Each day is full of explorations of a specific topic. Here is the plan, we'll see what actually happens! |
TI Supply carts, these crucial carts full of simple supplies are necessary when doing hands-on science. |
Planetary Physics 2004, with Paul Doherty, Eric Muller and Eric Wegryn. Mars, Venus, Saturn and Comet Wild 2 |
Summer
Institute 2003 Geology with Paul Doherty and Eric Muller
Where to find stuff TI
Supply carts, these crucial carts full of simple
supplies are necessary when doing hands-on science. |
Teacher workshops to prepare for the CSET exam. |
A lecture and presentation for the physics conference in Ljubljana Slovenia. |
Using Exhibits to Teach Science Content in Teacher Professional Development Workshops |
A workshop on motion, waves and interference of light. |
April 9, 2005 a TI workshop on models of scientific
phenomena. Syphon physics, an explanation of how syphons work. Tidal Evolution, how moons synchronize their rotation |
Northern California AAPT, 6 November 2004 American Association of Physics Teachers New Explorations from the Exploratorium Paul Doherty and Don Rathjen |
Polar Bear fur is fiber optic. NOT Glass is a liquid. NOT |
Workshop 7 February 2004. |
CMSESMC Keynote Presentation 7 March 2004 Doing science with inexpensive materials. Coming Soon. |
A lecture presented in Italy for Astronomy Week, in April 2004. The lecture was given in Naples, Rome and Perugia. This lecture was given in Pavia and Naples. |
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NSTA , Atlanta April 1, 2004 |
ARISE Teachers: January 16, 2003 Day 1 Chemistry: Day 2 Geology |
National
Educators Workshop Here are the written versions of explorations of magnetism and sound I presented at the science workshop for teachers. |
Screen Savers on Tech TV Here are links to the activities that Paul did on the Screen Savers television program. |
Hands-On activities to accompany the Origins Webcast about the particle accelerators at CERN. Check out the particle accelerator in your home. Coming, Origins, Hubble |
Eric Muller and I provide science entertainment at dinner for RAFT |
The Origin of Water Waves, putting oil n water. A part of a physics of surfing workshop given by the Exploratorium Teacher Institute and club Ed at the beach in Santa Cruz, 15 October, 2000. |
Surfing Science Is now available on the Exploratorium website! Go To Surfing Science. Draft explorations |
Sweden Spring 2000
Activities from Sweden Buoyancy, compare aluminum foil to crumpled aluminum foil. Candles in a jar, observe candles at different levels in a jar go out one by one. Old Water Glass, Tip an inverted glass full of water covered by acetate. Water leaks out to be replaced by air. Nose Cone, Look through a cone and find depth perception difficult. Dry Tongue, dry taste buds don't work Bouncing Egg, bounce an egg off a basketball and watch out. Mica, heat mica and it will expand. Pump, make a pump in a film can. Colored Shadows Mirror, a mirror at the colored shadows exhibit is fun. Spoon Rattleback Spin a bent spoon and watch it stop spinning and reverse its motion. Bubbles in a Bottle A 2 Liter bottle can be filed with soap bubbles. Study the bubble patterns. Candle in a vacuum Burn a candle in a vacuum jar. Notice how the flame changes in low pressures. Two Head Harp Two people can share the sound of a head harp. Electric Dill Use dill weed in oil to show electric fields. Magnetic Push-Ups make one magnet fly over another. Microwave activities. These activities may be dangerous. Ball Bounce in a Mirror, Bounce two balls at the same time, one in front of a mirror and one behind. Stop bouncing one and ... Electrostatic clearing of mist, Use a Van deGraaf to charge up your finger then use the finger to clear away mist. Right and left, explore the meaning of right and left. Right and left in 3 different mirrors. Explore what flat, cylindrical, and spherical mirrors do to right and left. Vacuum Bottle Collapse A Vacu-vin is used to collapse a plastic bottle over and over again. Attract a water surface electrostatically A bulge can be raised in a water surface using electrostatic attraction. |
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Model Madness, Nov 13, 1999 In Using Models as in living life |
NSTA Philadelphia 2003 Battle NSTA conference books |
Explo Booth Demos |
A two part exploration inspired by the art of James Turrell. Offered in collaboration with the Sonoma County Museum. |
I developed these workshops based on books written by Pat Murphy and me. |
Scientific Explorations with Paul Doherty |
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31 January 2001 |